Biotechnology Nobel from 1954

 “BioIndustry Facts” da Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News October 1, 2011. Pagina 27. (www.genegnews.com)

1954 Chemistry Linus Pauling Pauling was recognized for his research into the nature of chemical bonds. His work paved the way for the discovery of DNA’s complex structure by the next prize-winners on GEN’s list…
1962 Physiology on Medicine  F. Crick, J. Watson, M. Wilkins These 3 men correctly identified the double helix structure of DNA after examining Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray photograph. They proved false Pauling’s proposal that DNA wa formed by a triple helix.
1968 Physiology on Medicine  R. Haley,  Khorana, M. Nirenberg These men won the prestigious award for their interpretation of the genetic code and its functions in protein sintesis.
1969 Physiology on Medicine  M. Delbruck, A. Hershey, S. Luria The price was awarded jointly to these investigators for their research into the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.
1975 Physiology on Medicine  D. Baltimore, R. Dulbecco, H. Temin They received the award for shedding light on the interactions between tumor viruses and the genetic material of cells.
1978 Physiology on Medicine  W. Arber, D. Nathans, H. Smith They discovered restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.
1980 Chemistry P. Berg, W. Gilbert, F. Sanger The award was divided, with one half going to Berg for his studies on recombinant DNA, and the other half jointly to Gilbert and Sanger for developing a more efficient way to sequence DNA.
1984 Physiology on Medicine  N. Jeme, G. Kahler, C. Milstein These scientists researched the immune system and invented a method to produce monoclonal antibodies.
1993 Physiology on Medicine  R. Roberts, P. Sharp They took home the Nobel prize for their discovery of split genes.
1993 Chemistry K. Mullis, M. Smith The Nobel prize was split with half going to Mullis for inventing the PCR method. The other half was awarded to Smith for his contributions to oligonucleotide-based site-directed  mutagenesis and its role in protein studies.
1994 Physiology on Medicine  A. Gilman, M. Rodbell They discovered G-proteins and uncovered their role in signal transduction in cells.
1995 Physiology on Medicine  E. Lewis, C. Nusslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus These scientists conducted key research into genetic control of early embryonic development.
1997 Physiology on Medicine  S. Prusiner He discovered prions. This was particularly important in light of Europe’s bovine spongiform encephalopathy – mad cow diseases – outbreak in the 1990s.
2002 Chemistry J. Fenn, K. Tanaka, K. Wuthrich Half of the award went to Fenn and Tanaka for developing soft desorption ionization methods for mass spec analyses of biological macromolecules. The other half went to Wuthrich for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the 3-D structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2006 Chemistry A. Fire, C. Mello These two scientists were recognized with the Nobel prize for discovering RNA interference or gene silencing by double-stranded RNA.
2006 Physiology on Medicine  R. Kornberg He received the award for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2007 Physiology on Medicine  M. Capecchi, M. Evans, O. Smithies These 3 scientists figured out how to introduce specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells.
2008 Chemistry O. Shimomura, M. Chalfie, R. Tsien These 3 scientists figured out how to introduce specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells.
2009 Chemistry V. Ramakrishnan,  T. Steitz, A. Yonath They were recognized for the studies into the structure and function of ribosome. The study findings are particularly useful for pharma and biotech companies developing new antibiotics and target ribosomes.

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